赵现海：长城与边界——明朝北疆边界意识及其前近代特征 …… 长城小站:《中国长城文献资料数据库》

《长城与边界——明朝北疆边界意识及其前近代特征》
作　　者：赵现海
　　　　　赵现海，男，历史学博士，中国社会科学院历史研究所副研究员,从事明史与中国边疆史研究。中国社会科学院历史研究所，北京 100732
出　　处：求是学刊 2014年4期
发表时间：2014-04-00
文　　摘：

与现代民族国家具有明确边界意识不同，中国古代边疆是一种动态变化的疆域而非固定不变的疆界。在洪武、永乐时期国力强盛之时，长城只是“内边疆”军事体系，与边界并无关系。但仁宣以后，伴随国力下降与防线内缩，边墙遂成为明朝、蒙古政权边界。在此之外，明朝尚设置界碑、边墩，将之定位为“军事边疆”，以作为边界防御之缓冲。但在明后期，伴随蒙古对明朝威胁加剧，明朝已在事实上丧失了对边墙以外的控制功能，这一局面在“隆庆和议”后进一步合法化。概而言之，对于长城与边界之关系，应从中国古代独特之边疆意识入手，考察其“前近代”特征与变化轨迹，而不应与当代边疆概念简单比附。

关键词：长城政权边界军事边疆明代
正　　文：

关于中国古代长城与边界之关系，国内外学者具有不同的观点。西方学者对长城的研究，往往在“内亚”（Inner Asia）视野之下，将长城视为分隔中国内地与边疆的象征。中国学者则更为倾向于长城只是一种军事体系，而非固定边界。如唐晓峰对苏联学者瓦西 ……

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֔Ж海：长�ȓ벟�硪—ķ朝北疆�& -- [未验证] Leroy (2025-07-24 16:38:58)

In our expertise, there might be little you are in a place
to do to reduce visceral fat as quickly as it has accumulated to this degree.
It was believed to be the steroid predominantly used within the Golden Era
to bulk up Arnold Schwarzenegger and other bodybuilders from the 1970s.

We additionally find that Winstrol causes masculinization in women;
nonetheless, this side impact may be averted with minimal dosages (no greater than 5 mg/day).
Most Oral steroids can do this, which is why orals are so powerful at making you look huge and full.

Furthermore, Dianabol causes vital extracellular water retention, inflicting bloating
and a loss in muscle definition. A bodybuilder’s aim when cutting is commonly to attain most muscle definition and a small waist; thus, Dianabol will counteract this.
IFBB bodybuilders, when competing, are often seen to possess low
ranges of subcutaneous fat however excessive ranges of visceral fat (due to extreme
steroid use). Nevertheless, 6 months later, when the mice had
been subjected to energy coaching (this time with out steroids), they grew by 30% in comparability with a management group that didn’t develop considerably.
Thus, taking steroids is assumed to have a everlasting impact on a
user’s muscle myonuclei, serving to them to grow bigger later in life
(naturally).
Dianabol also can trigger imbalances within the female
and male sex hormones in the body. Extra particularly, it
might lead to elevated estrogen levels, which can in turn trigger gynecomastia (i.e.
progress of breast tissues in men). Now, relaxation in this sense doesn’t imply that you must lay at house all day, it simply
implies that you need to take a break from the drug.

By using Dianabol for the primary week, you will most likely
discover some increase in strength already. Nonetheless, it
is essential to understand that this is simply one week of utilizing Dbol.
Most folks report that they should use it for about two weeks so as to really begin feeling it and
seeing results. Moreover, it doesn’t really matter
what daily dosage you employ, I suggest splitting it into several small doses throughout the day.

However, there are exceptions to each rule and there are some individuals who gain lots and still handle to
gain a lot of lean muscle mass. In the bodybuilding community, Dianabol
(Methandrostenolone) is considered one of the most
well-known anabolic steroids for fast muscle development and power enhancement.
Those curious about Dianabol’s before-and-after results typically want
to know what kind of results they'll count on, as nicely as the benefits,
dangers, and precautions involved. Whether you’re contemplating Dianabol for the primary time or want a deeper understanding of its influence, this
guide presents a complete look into its potential results.
Due to its potent anabolic and reasonable androgenic properties,
Dianabol can lead to important gains in muscle mass and energy in a short interval.
It is necessary to notice that users must comply with proper dosing and cycle pointers to keep away
from potential side effects, such as liver toxicity and adverse cardiovascular impacts.
The use of Dianabol should also be accompanied by sufficient training and nutrition to maximize results
and decrease well being risks.
Steroids with anabolic properties like testosterone, oxandrolone, and
nandrolone are considered to be secure. D-bol improves the amount of protein synthesis and takes
maintain of the synthesis mechanism general. Muscle building is a blend of enzymes, hormones, and proteins, which Dianabol
takes care very well. All the cycles invite dangers, which you have to account for earlier than starting any D-bol cycles.
2) Begin with a 50mg dose day by day and increase it to
80mg a day if properly tolerated. 2) Begin the dose
with as little as 10mg day by day and improve it to 30mg a day if
well tolerated. He saw Russians affected by
androgenic issues as their prostates have been blocked, and
there get the necessity for catheterisation through the penis to let the athletes pee.

Nevertheless, aromatase inhibitors can increase levels of cholesterol and blood stress and thus usually are
not optimum from a cardiovascular perspective.
Dianabol causes fluid retention as a result of aromatization, the conversion of testosterone into estrogen. Another aspect effect
of high estrogen levels is gynecomastia, i.e., the buildup of breast tissue,
otherwise generally recognized as manboobs (5).
If users tolerate these dosages without excessive hepatic or cardiac harm, they could enhance their dosage to
30 mg per day for continued outcomes.
Side effects are also a half of the outcomes of Dianabol, and like most
steroids, there are lots of them. These unwanted effects are immediately related to the water
retention capabilities of Dianabol. There are additionally
very actual health dangers, including elevated blood pressure,
elevated risk of cardiovascular issues, liver harm, gynecomastia, and hormonal imbalances.
While some users may choose to run a Dianabol-only cycle, it's usually not really helpful due to potential unwanted aspect effects
and the chance of dropping gains once the cycle ends.
For optimal results, it’s advised to stack Dianabol with other anabolic steroids corresponding
to testosterone to help keep muscle growth and total hormonal steadiness.
This steroid is particularly in style for its
capacity to help users achieve rapid weight acquire, with some users reporting positive aspects of up
to 25 lbs of muscle mass in as little as 4-6 weeks.
In our experience, the inclusion of Deca Durabolin can enhance the severity of unwanted facet effects, albeit in a extra manageable means than other anabolic steroids.

Possible unwanted effects embody pimples, hair loss,
liver toxicity, high blood pressure, and gynecomastia.
Managing these risks by way of food regimen, dietary supplements, and cycle size
is essential. A Dianabol cycle includes taking the anabolic
steroid for a specific timeframe to boost muscle mass, strength, and recovery.

dianabol before or after workout, like other
oral anabolic steroids, is hepatotoxic and may trigger
liver damage. Prolonged use or high doses can result in elevated liver enzymes, which could point out liver stress.

It is crucial to watch liver well being throughout a Dianabol cycle and restrict the cycle’s size to attenuate
potential liver harm. Dianabol’s benefits for muscle progress lengthen beyond simply dimension positive aspects; it could possibly
additionally help to improve energy and efficiency in users.
The compound enhances protein synthesis, which in flip leads to higher recovery and progress of muscle tissue.
Additionally, it’s recognized to extend nitrogen retention and glycogenolysis,
further supporting the event of muscular power.

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֔Ж海：长�ȓ벟�硪—ķ朝北疆�& -- [未验证] Glenna (2025-07-24 14:44:19)

This data can help to reduce the harmful effects of Dianabol.
Some do experiment with it, nonetheless, and
infrequently find low doses (2.5-5 mg) of this steroid quite efficient for brand new muscle progress.

One trusted provider is P-Labs.co.uk, the place you can find Dianabol tablets out there
for buy. We are dedicated to quality and customer satisfaction, offering transparent
information about our products. Whether you are interested in Dianabol dosage suggestions or exploring Dianabol unwanted effects, P-Labs.co.uk provides comprehensive support and steering.
Make sure to visit the web site to discover your options
for buying Dianabol online. It’s necessary to notice that
using Dianabol with no prescription can have critical well being consequences, and it’s usually abused by athletes and bodybuilders to boost their efficiency and look.

The treatment is dynamic for a brief time frame (around 6-8
hours), but it’s exceptionally proficient. The impacts are a optimistic nitrogen equilibrium and better
well-being general. The principal impact of Dianabol (methandrostenolone)
is the fast enlargement in bulk caused by invigorated protein amalgamation. Methandrostenolone doesn’t disseminate within the liver and doesn’t tie to globulin (the sex chemical proscribing protein), thusly it is
considerably stronger than the identical measure of testosterone.
The androgenic movement of methandrostenolone is reasonably frail.
In conclusion, purchasing anabolic steroids online requires cautious consideration of assorted components, together with website popularity, product authenticity,
legal compliance, and customer help. By prioritizing safety, legality, and high quality, you presumably can confidently source anabolic steroids
on-line to support your health and performance objectives successfully.

This includes water retention and bloating which is in a position to
imply this oral steroid will enhance blood pressure [7] as properly as pimples and
gynecomstia (development of breast tissue). The most prominent
Dianabol aspect impact tends to be the bloating and water retention, followed by gynecomastia.
Hi-Tech is a pioneer within the Bodybuilding and Prohormone business being one of the fist three
firms to introduce Androstenedione/Diol and 19-Norandrostenedione/Diol in 1996 and 1997.
Researchers at Hi-Tech recently developed a proprietary course of called Cyclosome™ Technology.
You can consider all this when it comes to a ‘Trojan Horse,’ passing via the liver unhurt and intact.

You will also discover quite a few underground labs carry excessive dose Dianabol capsules.
Most Dbol tablets will usually be present in 5mg and 10mg strength,
but capsules are common in 25-50mg energy. Unfortunately, while there are some good capsules, lots of them
are garbage. Sticking with tablets is generally
the easiest way to go, and so they shouldn’t price that much.
The results of Dianabol could be summed up as quick performing
and dramatic. In fact, it's more than attainable for the person to gain as
a lot as 20lbs of mass in only some weeks of Dianabol use.

dianabol tablet
tablets work by creating an anabolic setting within the body that considerably enhances
protein synthesis and nitrogen retention within muscle tissues.

This leads to fast increases in muscle dimension and strength, in addition to improved
endurance and recovery charges. Dianabol's capacity to increase the
physique's metabolic rate additionally contributes to sooner fats loss, supporting
the event of lean muscle mass.
The compound was designed in an effort to hold up the anabolic properties of testosterone with much
less androgenicity in a quick performing, powerful method.
Seemingly overnight the steroid was a large success, giving many U.S.
athletes a distinct benefit over their Soviet rivals. Superior customers
who have taken Dianabol and other potent anabolic steroids might opt for greater dosages, going up to
50 mg/day, while growing the cycle size to 8 weeks.
Such cycles are typically performed by bodybuilders looking to add giant quantities of
hypertrophy. Such dosages may be thought-about
deleterious and high-risk based mostly on our experience.
Dianabol's major benefit in the context of bodybuilding and fitness is its potent anabolic results, which result in speedy muscle positive aspects, increased energy,
and enhanced physical efficiency.
FDA would begin to put plenty of strain on Ciba in an effort to push the corporate to list true medical
advantages of the steroid. The FDA would approve its use for the therapy
osteoporosis in post-menopausal girls in addition to pituitary-deficient dwarfism, however the latter was withdrawn within the early 1980’s.
Once More the FDA would pressure Ciba for extra data, but in 1983 under mounting pressure Ciba would discontinue the Dianabol tab.
A few years later, the FDA would pull all Methandrostenolone brands from
the shelf. Since that point Dianabol has not been legally manufactured
within the United States, however remains to be manufactured closely all over
the world.
Methandienone 10 is a 17 – alkylated oral steroid that exerts its effects by way of the
androgen receptor. Methandienone acts on the
androgen receptor which outcomes in increased protein synthesis and nitrogen retention within muscle
cells leading to dramatic increases in power and muscle mass.
Dianabol is solely a unbelievable steroid, there’s actually no
other approach to put it.
We find that effective post-cycle therapy can help to
alleviate catabolism and speed up testosterone restoration. Dianabol
(methandrostenolone) first appeared in bodybuilding in the
course of the Golden Era, where bodybuilders had been recognized to cycle it in the
offseason. These primary but most crucial of physique processes are what contributes to the general extremely powerful anabolic effects of Dianabol.

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֔Ж海：长�ȓ벟�硪—ķ朝北疆�& -- [未验证] Lelia (2025-07-24 13:50:06)

Anavar for women is a robust ally within the pursuit of an ideal physique, however only when wielded with data and
intent. The optimal dosage for ladies using Anavar will often be a lot lower than their
male counterparts. A generally really helpful starting
point is between 5 to 10 milligrams per day.
Anavar, regardless of its reputation, remains to be a potent substance,
and slightly can go a long way in producing outcomes for ladies with out
introducing harsh unwanted effects. The period of an Anavar cycle remains
usually constant from the newbie to intermediate level, extending from six
to eight weeks.
Its gentle androgenic profile makes it one of
the few steroids often thought of appropriate for female athletes.
My name is Michael Cobb, and I am an authorized health trainer with over 7 years of expertise in the health industry.

I concentrate on creating personalised exercise plans
and offering diet recommendation to assist
my purchasers reach their fitness objectives.
Being used solo or in a stack, Anavar will certainly give
you the desired results. All steroids come with pros and cons,
however when it comes to Anavar, you can simply say that there aren't any cons.
One Other two weeks can be added, however the longer the cycle, the upper the danger of side effects.
(4) Magnolini, R., Falcato, L., Cremonesi, A., Schori, D., & Bruggmann, P.
(2022, July 17).
It’s additionally essential to see how your body fares all through your cycle and
observe your well being markers - even when you really feel nice.

Plus, should you do that and see that your physique is coping nicely on a sure dose,
it will provide you with the option of accelerating the
dose. Experienced users with decrease physique weight/levels of musculature ought to cut back the
upper-end doses by around 10mg.
We generally observe this kind of slicing stack when bodybuilders are making ready for a contest, making
an attempt to scale back physique fat and protect muscle tissue.
We have discovered Winstrol to be the stronger of the two steroids, causing extra deleterious side effects.
Thus, an Anavar and Winstrol cycle is often utilized
by intermediate or advanced steroid users, on the expense of probably elevated
issues. This cycle is typically only utilized by males as a outcome of testosterone inflicting virilization side effects in girls.
Though some women may expertise fewer virilization effects with Anavar in comparison with different
steroids, particular person responses range, and there can nonetheless be vital dangers involved.

Anavar has proven successful in treating burn patients due to
its capability to accelerate recovery. Enhanced restoration enables an athlete to
extend training intensity, duration, and frequency for enhanced performance.
With enhanced pink blood cell count and elevated ATP production, muscular endurance also
improves on Anavar. Furthermore, water retention is unlikely on Anavar, with the compound making a dry and outlined look.
This diuretic effect is also likely to increase vascularity and muscle striations
whereas contributing to a leaner appearance. Underground lab Anavar might appear to be a more inexpensive choice, nevertheless it carries the
danger of compromising your health because of potential
impurities and inaccurate dosages.
But however female users will benefit the results of Anavar,
especially because most women aren’t looking for huge positive aspects.
Some feminine bodybuilders and athletes in search of a more pronounced impact may go for a higher dose,
varying from 10-20mg day by day. Nevertheless, caution is suggested
when venturing into larger dosage territories to reduce the chance of virilization effects.
When starting on this steroid, girls face varied questions, and perhaps
the most vital of these pertains to the optimal dosage.

Most anabolic steroids bought on the black market are UGL (underground laboratories).
This is essentially produced in a non-certified laboratory and poses a high
threat to the patron, as there are no regulations in place to make
sure product safety. When Anavar was initially launched on the market, a
common dose of 5–10 mg per day was widespread. In Thailand, the law states that Anavar shouldn't
be issued out through a prescription due to anabolic steroids
being Class S managed drugs.
The best method to use Anavar is to begin with lower dosages, and to increase over the course of eight weeks, where men should be starting with 20mg
per day, and girls from 2.5mg per day. When it involves dosage men often take
from 10mg-100mg, and women vary from 2.5mg-20mg.
There have been reviews of even greater dosages for both
women and men, but this would drastically increase the danger
of side effects, especially for ladies.
However, low portions of alcohol are unlikely to affect a user’s results significantly.
If a user is stacking Anavar with harsh compounds, they
might incorporate the above protocol. Nevertheless, if a person utilizes an Anavar-only cycle, taking certainly
one of these PCT medicine alone is likely to be more than enough in restoring endogenous testosterone manufacturing
promptly. Testosterone ranges sometimes recuperate one to 4 months after an Anavar cycle.
An effective PCT protocol can speed up the restoration of
endogenous testosterone. In our expertise, the higher the
dose of Anavar, the longer this course of can take.
This makes it a safer option for novices and intermediates throughout cutting phases.
So, if you’ve taken steroids earlier than, your dose of Anavar will need to be greater than someone with zero steroid expertise.
In today’s article, as you can little question surmise
from the title, we’re going to have a look at tips
on how to dose Oxandrolone, aka Anavar. As a newbie, getting
snug with Anavar as a standalone cycle is a logical
step. For the more experienced folks, you can experiment with stacking, preserving in thoughts to
avoid certain compounds when your aim is slicing.
Ladies within the bodybuilding scenario ought to observe that slightly Anavar can indeed go a
great distance.

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Take the subsequent step toward your well-being by reaching out to
us at present. To begin, please Contact Asana Restoration to discover your personal care choices and see how we can assist
you. Clenbuterol is usually referred to as a
slicing steroid like anavar dosage for men.
Nonetheless, clenbuterol is not an anabolic steroid; subsequently, we
do not see it affecting pure testosterone levels to any
vital diploma. Nevertheless, we all know of bodybuilders who've retained nearly all of their
results on Anavar when they continue regular weight coaching.
Such profitable muscle retention may be attributed to Anavar not aggressively shutting down endogenous testosterone production.
In our experience, girls can sometimes experience superior leads to muscle mass compared to males on Anavar, even with a modest dose of
5–10 mg per day. Ultimately, the important thing to unlocking features with an Anavar cycle lies
in informed decision-making, careful planning, and a dedication to your
health and well-being. With the proper information and strategy, you
presumably can navigate your Anavar journey with confidence and obtain the physique you’ve always desired.
Keep centered, stay disciplined, and enjoy the course of of remodeling your
body safely and effectively. Anavar cycles for males usually final for eight weeks, the place girls will typically cycle Anavar for 6-8 weeks.
After a cycle is finished, a break is needed from all forms of C17-aa
steroids, until liver enzyme values are normalized.

Ladies, however, can get substantial mass enhancement positive aspects with Anavar.
Testosterone is the male sexual hormone, important for sexual function, the ability to grow body hair, masculiinity and libido.

If you’re looking for legal alternatives, respected corporations provide Anavar-like supplements produced from natural components that
mimic its effects with out the authorized and well being dangers.

Stacking Anavar with pure testosterone boosters during PCT can even help restoration and long-term hormonal stability.
A typical Anavar cycle runs 6 to eight weeks, striking a stability between effectiveness and safety.
Its gentle androgenic profile makes it one of the
few steroids typically thought of suitable for feminine athletes.
Breaking up the daily amount into two or three smaller ones might help hold blood
levels steady and make the medicine work better.
Docs would prescribe it to individuals wanting bigger muscular tissues,
more strength, or to burn off extra fats. We have additionally noticed decreased muscle hypertrophy in patients using finasteride.
Thus, taking this treatment may counteract the anabolic
effects of Anavar, inflicting bodybuilders to be unsatisfied with
their results. We have discovered that DHT-related side effects are largely decided by genetics.

Thus, some individuals may expertise vital hair loss from
a low dose of Anavar.
Intermediate customers who have used anabolic steroids earlier than can increase the dose and size of the
cycle to get better outcomes. Most center cycles
final between eight and 10 weeks and include forty to 50 mg of the medicine
every day. In Style stacks include combining Anavar
with testosterone for balanced outcomes whereas managing potential dangers.
Customers ought to follow prescribed dosages, regularly monitor
well being markers, and understand that stacking will increase the chance of
liver toxicity, cardiovascular strain, and hormone imbalances.
Even although it’s actually feasible to mix two oral anabolic steroids, pairing any oral steroid with Superdrol is,
quite simply, not a good idea. On the face of it, Var
and Tren don’t make a logical pairing; however, many people use these two anabolics at the facet of Testosterone as a cutting or recomping cycle.

We present a variety of companies that may assist you should you discover that you are experiencing
points with Anavar use or any substance. These providers
embrace Intensive Outpatient Program (IOP), which lets you get the assist you want
while still maintaining your daily life. We also provide Cognitive Behavioral Remedy
(CBT) that will help you manage your ideas and behaviors, and Medication-Assisted Therapy (MAT), which can be useful for certain situations.

For those who must heal relationships, we additionally
present Couples Therapy. We understand that substance use can be complicated,
and we are right here to assist you. We present a holistic approach
that will help you take the following step in your recovery.

And in relation to Anavar all of it relies upon in case you are doing
an Anavar only cycle, or are you stacking with
another steroids. When it comes to dosage men usually take from 10mg-100mg, and girls vary from 2.5mg-20mg.
There have been stories of even larger dosages for each
men and women, but this is in a position to drastically increase the danger of unwanted facet effects, especially for ladies.
Make certain you're following a strict food plan and training regimen whereas on steroids, as it will help you get
essentially the most out of your cycle. Anavar is
known for its ability to extend energy, while testosterone is understood for its capability to extend muscle
mass. Oxandrolone and Nandrolone are pretty much at exact opposite ends
of the spectrum. The former is used for slicing, recomping, and getting lean, whereas the latter is often used
to bulk up and add mass.
Post-Cycle Remedy, or PCT, is a vital step to take after you end an Anavar
cycle. When you use anabolic steroids, your body’s pure hormone manufacturing can get disrupted.
PCT helps restore that natural steadiness and avoids
many disagreeable unwanted effects. A typical PCT protocol may involve
utilizing certain medicines like Clomid or Nolvadex, which help stimulate your body to supply its own testosterone once more.
It’s extremely important to begin PCT as soon as you finish your cycle.

Anavar cycles final for 4-8 weeks, for each women and
men, where some males even do a 12 week cycle,
normally professional bodybuilding opponents.
Anavar may be stacked with different anabolic steroids for much more advantages, similar to improved power and sooner recuperation instances
after workouts. Testosterone, then again, is primarily used in bulking cycles to
advertise positive aspects in muscle mass and power.
Enhancing athletic efficiency encompasses not solely strength will increase but also improvements in stamina, restoration, and agility.
Testosterone, in particular, fosters restoration, lowering
muscle damage and permitting for more frequent and intense exercises.
On the other hand, Testosterone presents advantages similar to muscle growth, elevated power
and endurance, fats loss, improved body composition, and enhanced libido.
To guarantee safety and effectiveness, it is strongly recommended to often monitor hormone levels
and overall health via blood checks during the cycle.

It Is clear that the success of such a cycle
hinges on a well-structured coaching program and a diet rich
in protein. Users should keep in mind that these substances are merely instruments to enhance
their onerous work and dedication to fitness. Safety ought to by no means take a
backseat, and regular health check-ups are essential to navigating the cycle successfully.
With the proper approach, the Take A Look At and Anavar cycle is normally
a highly effective ally in attaining one's bodybuilding aspirations.

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